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See also the CTBT Conference Report, Boycotts and Blandishments: Making the CTBT Visible, by Rebecca Johnson
Appendix: Conference Documents
Final Declaration
Final Declaration, Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, New York, November 11-13, 2001; CTBT-ART.XIV/2001/6, November 13.
1. Fully conscious of the responsibilities which we assumed by signing the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, pursuant to article XIV of that Treaty, and recalling the Final Declaration adopted by the Conference, held in Vienna, from October 6 to 8 1999, we the ratifiers, together with the states signatories, met in New York from November 11 to 13 2001 to promote the entry into force of the Treaty at the earliest possible date. We welcomed the presence of representatives of non-signatory states, international organisations and non-governmental organisations.
2. We reaffirmed our strong determination to enhance international peace and security throughout the world and stressed the importance of a universal and verifiable comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty as a major instrument in the field of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation in all its aspects. We reiterated that the cessation of all nuclear-weapon test explosions and all other nuclear explosions, by constraining the development and qualitative improvement of nuclear weapons and ending the development of advanced new types of nuclear weapons, constitutes an effective measure of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation in all its aspects and thus a meaningful step in the realisation of a systematic process to achieve nuclear disarmament. We therefore renewed our commitment to work for universal ratification of the Treaty, and its early entry into force as provided for in article XIV.
3. We reviewed the overall progress made since the opening for signature of the Treaty and, in particular, the progress made after the Conference held in Vienna from October 6 to 8 1999. We noted with appreciation the overwhelming support for the Treaty that has been expressed: the United Nations General Assembly and other multilateral organs have called for signatures and ratifications of the Treaty as soon as possible and have urged all states to remained seized of the issue at the highest political level. We highlighted the importance of the Treaty and its early entry into force for the practical steps for systematic and progressive efforts towards nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation which were identified in 2000 at international forums dealing with nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. We believe that the cessation of all nuclear-weapon test explosions or any other nuclear explosions will contribute to the accomplishment of those efforts.
4. In accordance with the provisions of article XIV of the Treaty, we examined the extent to which the requirement set out in paragraph 1 had been met and decided by consensus what measures consistent with international law may be undertaken to accelerate the ratification process in order to facilitate the early entry into force of the Treaty.
5. Since the Treaty was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly and opened for signature five years ago, progress has been made in the ratification process. As of today, 162 states have signed and 87 states have deposited their instruments of ratification, an increase of over 70 per cent compared to the number of ratifications at the time of the Conference held in 1999. Of the 44 states listed in Annex 2 of the Treaty whose ratification is required for the entry into force of the Treaty, 41 have signed, and of these, 31 have also ratified the Treaty. A list of those states is provided in the Appendix. Progress in ratification has been sustained. We welcomed this as evidence of the strong determination of states not to carry out any nuclear-weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion, and to prohibit and prevent any such nuclear explosion at any place under their jurisdiction or control.
6. Despite the progress made and our strong support for the Treaty, we noted with concern that it has not entered into force five years after its opening for signature. We therefore stressed our determination to strengthen efforts aimed at promoting its entry into force at the earliest possible date in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty.
7. After the opening for signature of the CTBT, nuclear explosions were carried out. The countries concerned subsequently declared that they would not conduct further nuclear explosions and indicated their willingness not to delay the entry into force of the Treaty.
8. In the light of the CTBT and bearing in mind its purpose and objectives, we affirm that the conduct of nuclear-weapon test explosions or any other nuclear explosion constitutes a serious threat to global efforts towards nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation.
9. We call upon all states to maintain a moratorium on nuclear-weapon test explosions or any other nuclear explosions and underline the importance of signature and ratification of the Treaty.
10. We noted with satisfaction the report of the Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organisation (CTBTO) to the Conference on progress made by the Preparatory Commission and its Provisional Technical Secretariat since November 1996 in fulfilment of the requirement to take all necessary measures to ensure the effective establishment of the future CTBTO.
11. In this connection, we welcomed the momentum which has been developed by the Preparatory Commission and its Provisional Technical Secretariat across the Major Programmes of the Commission, as identified by the Executive Secretary in his report. We also welcomed the progress in building the global infrastructure for Treaty verification, including the International Monitoring System, with a view to ensuring that the verification regime shall be capable of meeting the verification requirements of the Treaty at entry into force. We further welcomed the conclusion of a significant number of related agreements and arrangements with states and with international organisations.
12. Convinced of the importance of achieving universal adherence to the Treaty, welcoming the ratifications of all the states that have done so since the 1999 Conference, and stressing in particular the steps required to achieve its early entry into force, as provided for in article XIV of the Treaty, we:
(a) Call upon all states that have not yet signed the Treaty to sign and ratify it as soon as possible and to refrain from acts which would defeat its object and purpose in the meantime;
(b) Call upon all states that have signed but not yet ratified the Treaty, in particular those whose ratification is needed for its entry into force, to accelerate their ratification processes with a view to early successful conclusion;
(c) Recall the fact that two states out of three whose ratifications are needed for the Treaty's entry into force but which have not yet signed it have expressed their willingness not to delay the entry into force of the Treaty, and call upon them to sign and ratify it as soon as possible;
(d) Note the fact that one state out of three whose ratifications are needed for the Treaty's entry into force but which have not yet signed it has not expressed its intention towards the Treaty, and call upon this state to sign and ratify it as soon as possible so as to facilitate the entry into force of the Treaty;
(e) Note the ratification by three nuclear-weapon states and call upon the remaining two to accelerate their ratification processes with a view to early successful conclusion;
(f) In pursuit of the early entry into force of the Treaty, undertake ourselves to use all avenues open to us in conformity with international law, to encourage further signature and ratification of the Treaty; and urge all states to sustain the momentum generated by this Conference to continue to remain seized of the issue at the highest political level;
(g) Agree that ratifying states will select one of their number to promote cooperation to facilitate the early entry into force of the Treaty, through informal consultations with all interested countries; and encourage bilateral, regional and multilateral initiatives aimed at promoting further signatures and ratification;
(h) Urge all states to share legal and technical information and advice in order to facilitate the processes of signature, ratification and implementation by the states concerned, and upon their request. We encourage the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organisation and the Secretary-General of the United Nations to continue supporting actively these efforts consistent with their respective mandates;
(i) Call upon the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organisation to continue its international cooperation activities to promote understanding of the Treaty, including by demonstrating the benefits of the application of verification technologies for peaceful purposes in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty, in order to further encourage signature and ratification of the Treaty;
(j) Reiterate the appeal to all the relevant sectors of civil society to raise awareness of and support for the objectives of the Treaty, as well as its early entry into force as provided for in article XIV of the Treaty.
13. We reaffirm our commitment to the Treaty's basic obligations and our undertaking to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of the Treaty pending its entry into force.
14. We remain steadfast in our commitment to pursue the efforts to ensure that the Treaty's verification regime shall be capable of meeting the verification requirements of the Treaty at entry into force, in accordance with the provisions of article IV of the Treaty. In this context, we will continue to provide the support required to enable the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organisation to complete its tasks in the most efficient and cost-effective way.
15. The Conference addressed the issue of possible future conferences, expressed the determination of the participants to continue working towards entry into force of the Treaty and took note of the provisions contained in paragraph 3 of article XIV of the Treaty.
A. States which have ratified the Treaty [87]:
Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guyana, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mexico, Micronesia, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Uzbekistan.
B. [The 44 Annex 2 states whose ratification is required for entry into force]
1. States listed in Annex 2 to the Treaty which have signed and ratified the Treaty [31]:
Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Peru, Poland, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.
2. States listed in Annex 2 to the Treaty which have signed but not ratified the Treaty [10]:
Algeria, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, United States, Vietnam.
3. States listed in Annex 2 to the Treaty which have not signed the Treaty [3]:
Democratic People's Republic of Korea, India, Pakistan.
Source: Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organisation (CTBTO), http://www.ctbto.org/reference/article_xiv/2001/final_declarationannex.pdf.
Full version of the consensus 'Statement on behalf of Non-Governmental Organisations to the Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty', delivered by Rebecca Johnson, November 13.
1. Thank you Mr President and distinguished colleagues for affording non-governmental organisations (NGOs) the opportunity to communicate our views and recommendations. We wish you success in your efforts at this important gathering to facilitate entry into force of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).
2. We congratulate the nations of the world for overwhelmingly endorsing the CTBT five years ago here in New York, for the work of the 1999 conference to facilitate the entry into force of the CTBT, the work of the CTBT Preparatory Commission and CTBTO in Vienna, and we thank those countries that have done their part to accelerate entry into force by ratifying the CTBT themselves and by helping others to ratify. Nevertheless, we remain gravely concerned that the CTBT has not yet entered into force.
3. Since the 1999 Vienna conference on facilitating entry into force of the CTBT, recognized authorities in the fields of science, security, and history, among them Nobel laureates and military leaders, have reaffirmed the importance of the CTBT for international security and peace. Independent bodies have confirmed that the CTBT is a workable and effective treaty with benefits for all state parties. In November 2000, the Independent Commission on the Verifiability of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, consisting of 14 experts from 11 countries, produced a scientific consensus on the Treaty's verifiability, concluding that it is verifiable with high probability. The May 2000 Non Proliferation Treaty Review Conference affirmed the importance and urgency of the signatures and ratifications necessary for entry into force of the CTBT without delay and without conditions.
4. We deplore the appalling September 11 attacks on New York and Washington and believe that the international community must work together to avert future terrorist attacks. We must also work together to avoid an escalation of violence involving chemical, biological or nuclear weapons and all states must renew their commitment to strengthening multilateral efforts to control, reduce and eliminate such dangers. The CTBT is part of such efforts and all states should recognise that action on the CTBT and other disarmament initiatives is even more important. Failure to act may lead to a cascade of proliferation events that will enable a future terrorist to use nuclear weapons with hundreds of times the destructive power of a fuel-laden jetliner. We owe it to those who were killed, bereaved and injured - and indeed, to the people harmed by years of nuclear testing and production - to take all possible measures to prevent an even worse tragedy in the future. The states presently resisting the CTBT are undermining their own security as well as the security of the entire world.
5. Since almost the beginning of the nuclear age, civil society has realised the importance of a comprehensive ban on nuclear testing. The efforts of NGOs and millions of ordinary people around the world prompted international leaders to press for a permanent and comprehensive nuclear test ban. In all these years, the NGO community has not faltered in its advocacy for a test ban treaty, even in periods when negotiations among governments had come to a standstill or were interrupted. People throughout the world understood that ending nuclear testing was essential for two reasons: to halt the spiraling arms race, and to prevent the further devastation of human health and the global environment. Nuclear weapons and testing reduce the resources to feed the hungry, help the sick, and educate the poor. Renewed nuclear testing will increase long-lived radioactive pollution. Radioactive contamination from atmospheric nuclear bomb blasts in Africa, Australia, Asia, Europe, Japan, North America, and the world's oceans has already killed untold numbers of innocent people, and it will cause additional cancers in future generations. Radioactivity from underground tests has vented into the atmosphere in large and small quantities for decades. Enormous amounts of radioactive materials from underground tests remain beneath the surface of the earth and have already polluted groundwater. Further testing would create more radioactive contamination.
6. World-wide pressure from civil society and governments led to the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT). In the preamble to the PTBT, the states parties also recognised that banning above-ground nuclear tests reached far beyond the mere prevention of explosions and limited constraints on weapons development. They proclaimed, 'as their principal aim the speediest possible achievement of an agreement on general and complete disarmament under strict international control in accordance with the objectives of the United Nations which would put an end to the armaments race and eliminate the incentive to the production and testing of all kinds of weapons, including nuclear weapons...' Those who had worked hard for the elimination of above-ground tests recognized that the PTBT was only a first step, and renewed their efforts to end all nuclear testing. But continuing technical advances in weapons science and underground testing enabled the nuclear arms race to continue unabated despite the ban on above-ground tests. Nearly three decades later, entry into force of the CTBT is now within reach. But as a result of the actions of a handful of key states, the long effort to secure a total ban on nuclear tests is in jeopardy. We will continue to press forward until the CTBT enters into force. We urge each of the governments gathered here not to relent in your commitment to implementing the CTBT, which is vital to international security into the 21st century.
7. The CTBT is an essential step towards nuclear disarmament. The CTBT helps prevent nations with less sophisticated nuclear weapons capabilities, and nations which may be seeking nuclear arms, from confidently deploying advanced nuclear warheads, including those more easily deliverable by ballistic missiles. The CTBT also helps constrain the confident deployment of new types of nuclear warheads by the advanced nuclear weapons states, all of which have programmes to modernise their sophisticated nuclear arsenals. In these ways, this Treaty helps block dangerous nuclear competition and new nuclear threats from emerging. However, technological advances in nuclear weapons research and development mean that a ban on nuclear test explosions by itself cannot prevent some qualitative improvements of nuclear arsenals. Continued efforts to improve nuclear arsenals and to make nuclear weapons more useable in warfare will jeopardise the stability of the test ban and non-proliferation regimes. Consistent with the fundamental goals which have been recognised for a half-century by those who have worked to end nuclear testing and for nuclear disarmament, we call upon all states possessing nuclear weapons to halt immediately all qualitative improvements in their nuclear armaments, especially those which provide new or enhanced military capabilities, whether or not these improvements require nuclear explosive tests.
8. The CTBT establishes a far-reaching global monitoring, verification, and confidence building system capable of detecting nuclear explosions and deterring potential treaty violators. The Treaty provides for a global International Monitoring System (IMS) and on-site inspections, which are not available without a multilateral, legally-binding verification regime. Test ban verification is enhanced by the substantial national technical monitoring capabilities and by the thousands of other high-quality civilian seismic stations around the world that provide further detection capabilities. Collectively those verification resources will be capable of meeting the international community's expectation that relevant events will be detected, located and identified with high probability.
9. The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organisation (CTBTO) Preparatory Commission and the Provisional Technical Secretariat should be commended for their work in preparing for implementation of the CTBT. States should not attempt to hinder the work of the CTBT PrepCom and should avoid creating obstacles to entry into force of the Treaty in any way. We urge each signatory to provide adequate financial, political and technical support for the continued development and operation of the CTBTO so that the International Data Centre and the International Monitoring System will be up and running, and an effective on-site inspection regime will be in place when the CTBT enters into force. The US announcement to limit its contribution to the CTBTO to the International Monitoring System is unacceptable. The treaty verification is an integrated package that cannot be opened at this late stage. States cannot 'pick and choose' which part of the CTBT they support. States should productively engage with one another to establish the rules for open access to data, and to the development of procedures for effective and timely on-site inspections. The CTBTO must be an open organisation, ready to provide an effective verification system and able to interact with the wider scientific community as well as relevant humanitarian relief agencies. All states possessing nuclear weapons should engage in confidence-building processes, including transparency measures at nuclear test sites and nuclear weapon facilities with a view to minimising misperceptions arising from activities related to the maintenance of nuclear weapons. In this regard, we note with interest the Russian proposal for test-site confidence-building measures with the United States.
10. Despite the overwhelming international support for the CTBT, 13 key states have not yet signed and/or ratified, unnecessarily delaying the entry into force of this vital agreement. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea, India, and Pakistan must still sign and ratify the CTBT. Algeria, China, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, the United States, and Viet Nam must still ratify the CTBT. The longer these states wait to sign and/or ratify the Treaty, the greater the chance that some nation may begin testing and set off a dangerous international action-reaction cycle of military and nuclear confrontation.
11. On this, the occasion of the fifth anniversary of the opening for signature of the CTBT, we urge the leaders and the governments of the 13 states whose accession is required for entry into force to re-commit themselves to the ratification of the CTBT, and in the meantime, to maintain their nuclear testing moratoria, to fully support the work of the CTBTO PrepCom, and to announce they will refrain from all types of nuclear weapons research which may result in qualitative improvements of nuclear arsenals, and which consequently are inconsistent with the fundamental goals of the CTBT. Further delay on the part of these CTBT 'hold-out' states will make it more likely that some leaders will try to acquire nuclear weapons or significantly improve their arsenals, increasing the possibility of the resumption of nuclear testing, and making it less likely that a strong coalition of states could be mobilized in response to such activities. Maintaining a nuclear explosion moratorium is therefore also an essential precondition for strengthening the test ban. This conference should send out a strong message to the 13 states preventing entry into force of the CTBT and urge their prompt signature and ratification of the Treaty without conditions or reservations. The world will otherwise hold these countries responsible for undermining international security, as well as the NPT disarmament regime.
12. We recall with particular disappointment and concern that on October 13, 1999, the United States Senate, after a brief and highly-partisan debate, became the first legislature to fail to approve ratification of the CTBT. Although the United States Senate failed in its first vote to approve ratification of the Treaty, we note that a majority of the Senate supports the CTBT and its reconsideration. On October 12, 1999, 62 Senators wrote to the Senate leadership and urged '...putting off final consideration until the next Congress...' on the basis 'that throughout history the Senate has had the power, the duty to reconsider prior decisions...' The CTBT remains before the Senate, but it is unlikely to be ratified without the support of President Bush or a future US president. We also wish to express our deep concern about the policies of President Bush, which have thus far undermined prospects for US ratification and global entry into force. The Bush administration has said there is no intention to seek Senate approval for ratification of the CTBT. In November 2001, the United States alone voted against a procedural decision to keep the CTBT on the agenda of the UN General Assembly. The US has also announced that it will withhold support for, and will not participate in, non-International Monitoring System activities by the CTBTO, especially the preparations for on-site inspections. Such policies undermine the credibility of President Bush's stated policy of maintaining the US nuclear test moratorium, and they injure international efforts to end nuclear testing, curb nuclear proliferation, and advance nuclear disarmament. Other governments, including those of China, India and Pakistan, have also failed to demonstrate the leadership and courage necessary to secure a political consensus within their countries for ratification of this Treaty, which has been a long-standing policy goal of these countries through the years. Failure by another state should not serve as an excuse for any states to withhold signature and ratification of the CTBT. We are profoundly disappointed with the countries that have failed to attend this conference, especially those states whose signature and ratification are essential for entry into force.
13. The states parties to the Non-Proliferation Treaty, in their 2000 Review Conference Final Document, identified a number of practical steps towards the implementation of the NPT Article VI disarmament obligation. Of particular relevance to the CTBT, in addition to the call for CTBT signature and ratification for 'early entry into force', are those steps calling for the application of the 'principle of irreversibility' to nuclear disarmament, for 'increased transparency by the nuclear-weapon states with regard to the nuclear weapons capabilities', and 'a diminishing role for nuclear weapons in security policies'. Nuclear weapons research aimed at the improvement of nuclear arsenals is inconsistent with these commitments and with the purposes and understandings of the CTBT. States possessing nuclear weapons can take such steps to further the broader disarmament goals expressed in the CTBT, whose objective, as stated in its Preamble, is 'to contribute effectively to the prevention of the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects, to the process of nuclear disarmament and therefore to the enhancement of international peace and security.' Such other actions, moreover, by reducing international tensions and demonstrating intent to act consistently with the purposes of the Treaty, are likely to enhance the possibility of its early entry into force.
14. This conference should commit itself to condemn any future testing and call upon governments, businesses and people from around the world to respond to any future test by withholding military sales, trade and other business support from the testing countries. We also urge the conference and committed governments to decide to continue to send high-level groups of emissaries to those countries which have not yet signed or ratified the Treaty in order to facilitate and encourage their support for the CTBT. In addition, we urge heads of state and government of countries that have ratified the CTBT to press for signature and ratification with their counterparts in the 13 states whose signature and ratification are still required for entry into force at every opportunity, including discussions on combating terrorism. As non-governmental representatives, we want to remind the governments attending this conference of your grave responsibility, on behalf of the peoples of the world and future generations, to do what you can to prevent future nuclear explosions and eliminate the risk of nuclear war. The implementation of a CTBT has been a goal of world leaders, diplomats, scientists, physicians and millions of ordinary people from all walks of life for nearly five decades. We urge you to do all that is within your power to ensure that the Treaty enters into force so that the next international gathering devoted to the CTBT is the first review conference. Seize the chance now to end nuclear testing forever, as an indispensable step towards the elimination of nuclear threats.
© 2001 The Acronym Institute.